Pilgrims, Religion, America

don · 11-23-09 8:31 am

What the Pilgrims really sought From a USA Today, Column (Keywords: Religious Liberty, Freedom, Pilgrims, Puritans, constitution, federal)<blockquote>Their trip to the New World wasn’t about tolerance or diversity. It was about purity. Yet the Revolutionary struggle united these diverse believers and set us on a path to the unprecedented religious harmony that this nation now celebrates. By Michael Medved As American families sit down to their traditional Thanksgiving feasts, they will naturally recall the familiar story of the Pilgrims and, in the process, distort the true character of the nation's religious heritage. Most children learn that the Mayflower settlers came to the New World to escape persecution and to establish religious freedom. But the early colonists actually pursued purity, not tolerance, and sought to build fervent, faith-based utopias, not secular regimes that consigned religion to a secondary role. The distinctive circumstances that allowed these fiery believers of varied denominations to cooperate in the founding of a new nation help to explain America's contradictory religious traditions — as simultaneously the most devoutly Christian society in the Western world, and the country most accommodating to every shade of exotic belief and practice. Concerning the Pilgrims who celebrated the First Thanksgiving in 1621, they didn't travel directly from their English homes to the "hideous and desolate wilderness" of Massachusetts. They sailed the Atlantic Ocean only after living for 12 years in flourishing communities in Holland, the most tolerant and religiously diverse nation of Europe. They left the Netherlands not because that nation imposed too many religious restrictions but because the Dutch honored too few. The like-minded Puritans who followed them (and whose much larger settlement of Massachusetts Bay annexed the Pilgrims' Plymouth in 1691) showed similar determination to build a model of single-minded religious rigor. The leaders of this idealistic venture were in no sense the victims of oppression back home, but rather counted as wealthy and influential gentleman who wielded considerable political influence. Even after their fellow Puritans won total power (and executed a king in 1649) the Massachusetts colonists chose to remain in their "city upon a hill" in the New World than to return to the compromises and complications associated with England's fractious politics. Colonies set out on their own Beyond the New England colonies (each of which displayed strong theocratic tendencies), other major settlements took shape according to the dreams and dictates of different denominations. William Penn and his fellow Quakers followed their "inner light" to establish Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment," while the aristocratic Calvert family set up Maryland as a refuge for devout British Catholics. Even the less explicitly religious colonies, where early settlers seemed to care more about finding gold than finding God, received royal charters that declared their underlying mission of spreading the faith. Virginia's charter described a mandate for "propagating of Christian Religion to such People as yet live in Darkness." At the first landing of the original Jamestown expedition (April 26, 1607), Captain Christopher Newport took it upon himself to erect the colony's first structure: a large cross at Cape Henry to mark their arrival. How, then, did these enthusiastic true believers with their often-uncompromising standards ever manage to join together in a new nation in 1776 — a nation that has been characterized ever since by a religious diversity and interdenominational cooperation unprecedented in human history? The Revolutionary struggle forced their hand, with soldiers from more than a dozen Christian traditions and sects (as well as a disproportionate representation of the colonies' tiny Jewish minority) fighting side by side in the Continental Army. When Gen. George Washington ordered "divine service" to build morale among his weary troops, he had to accommodate New England Congregationalists, Virginia Baptists, New Jersey Presbyterians and, for that matter, the random Catholic or Mennonite. Gen. Nathanael Greene, who had been raised a Quaker, effectively commanded some Massachusetts soldiers — even though their Puritan forebears ordered the occasional hanging of Quaker interlopers in the previous century. Violent struggles had broken out from time to time in the past among various faith communities — with Puritans challenging Catholics for control of Maryland, for instance, and fighting the bloody Battle of the Severn in 1655. But, for the most part, the wide open spaces of the new continent allowed even impassioned theological enthusiasts to build their own spheres of influence without confronting or oppressing their potential rivals in neighboring settlements. Establishment clause's intent The First Amendment ratified this arrangement of uncontested local authority with its careful wording: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." The constitutional formulation limited only the power of the federal government to impose a single national faith, but did nothing in the eyes of the zealous founders to interfere with established churches (that received direct government funding and endorsement) on the state level. The esteemed liberal scholar Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School writes: "A growing body of evidence suggests that the Framers principally intended the Establishment of Religion Clause to perform two functions: to protect state religious establishments from national displacement, and to prevent the national government from aiding some, but not all, religions." The Pilgrims and their spiritual descendants never had to retreat from religious fervor or biblical demands to join the new Republic, thanks to the continued existence of more or less autonomous refuges and enclaves. No one can suggest that our Founders embraced secularism or relativism, but they did come to accept the notion of separate faith communities following their own rules, while managing to cooperate where absolutely necessary. Thanksgiving in that sense doesn't celebrate religious freedom, but rather coexistence. We remain a nation of impassioned, fiercely committed, openly competing believers who have nonetheless established a long tradition of letting other faith communities go their own way. We can be pious and uncompromising at our own Thanksgiving tables, without menacing, or even questioning, the very different proceedings in the home next door. The limitless boundaries and vast empty land of the fresh continent, plus the challenges of a long Revolutionary struggle, gave the faith-filled fanatics of the founding the chance for a freedom more profound than mere religious tolerance: the right, in their own communities, to be left alone. Michael Medved, a member of USA TODAY's board of contributors, hosts a national radio talk show and is author of the forthcoming book The 5 Big Lies About American Business. <a href="http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2009/11/column-what-the-pilgrims-really-sought-.html" target=_top>http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2009/11/column-what -the-pilgrims-really-sought-.html</a> </blockquote>

tom_norris · 11-23-09 12:20 pm

Don, most people forget the Pilgrims were heading towards Jamestown, in Virginia. They only ended up in New England because they were blown off course. Once they landed, had they even tried to go further south, they would have become ship wrecked. (They did not know this at the time). The Pilgrim Story is great Protestant history that should never be forgotten or turned into myth. It explains much about America, even as this history has more to still teach us. FYI, I am a registered and certified Pilgrim. Twice a year we meet to hear lectures and fellowship with our cousins. At the beginning of each meeting, as the names of each of the signers of the Mayflower Compact is read, those related to that line stand up. Some people stand often as they are related to a number of lines. James White also had relatives on the Mayflower. And I think Andrews did as well? So like a pedigreed dog or cat, I too, have papers, as well as a license plate. <a href="http://www.marylandmayflower.org/" target=_top>http://www.marylandmayflower.org/</a> I think that the church should join the Pilgrims, by downplaying Christmas, which is a RC fraud, and elevating Thanksgiving as a holiday. Happy Thanksgiving to All Tom Norris for AR

elaine · 11-23-09 3:55 pm

I think that the church should join the Pilgrims, by downplaying Christmas, which is a RC fraud, and elevating Thanksgiving as a holiday. But the children would hate the Grinch who did away with Christmas and Santa Claus. Many celebrations may have begun by religions, but it is now the biggest retail sales month of the entire year. Fat chance of eliminating that! Halloween also began as a religious holiday. Again, how many children know, or care about that?

cadge · 11-23-09 6:23 pm

Here's another view of the Pilgrim experience and some of the events that led to the foundation of government and religious liberty as we know it today in the USA. As you can see, Roger Williams played no small part in influencing such matters. Colonization of the New World Till Kingdom Come: The Vision of the Pilgrim Separatists What the Pilgrims tried to do from the Scriptures is virtually unknown, even though their moving story is told year after year in America. The Pilgrims were part of a greater movement - stretching back to Wycliffe and Tyndale - to place the Scriptures into the hands of the common man. Yet what they tried to do with those Scriptures is virtually unknown, even though their moving story is told year after year in America. Vivid images remain with us: fleeing persecution in England, leaving Holland, crossing the perilous sea, settling in Plymouth, suffering heroically through their first winter, receiving gracious help from the Indians. For most of us, their story ends a few months later with the first Thanksgiving. They went on with a life we know very little about, and eventually this great and free nation was born. It is not too clear in the textbooks anymore, but somehow the two - their life and our nation - are connected. These brave but simple and humble men and women had more in their hearts than the great idea we associate with them: religious freedom. That was part of it, but they came for more than a safe haven for their children from the worldly temptations of Holland. They actually came to recreate on the shores of America the life of the first church - what the world saw in Jerusalem in the first century. We tend to see "the Pilgrims" in a certain way that makes it hard for us to understand what their life together meant to them. They shared all things in common, not just as a business arrangement with their financial backers, but as an expression of their fervent faith. They were out to bring the "Kingdom of God" to earth. At the least, they sought to be "stepping stones" for those who might come after them, "one small candle" that "may light a thousand." [1] But they wanted to be stepping-stones to somewhere, a light on the path there. In their own estimation, they failed . They didn't become what they wanted to, but settled for something far less. This was their sorrow, their heartache, and their profound disappointment. They dreamed much more greatly than we have understood, even though the whole story is written in Bradford's own journal, Of Plymouth Plantation. In their own words, the Pilgrim story raises profound questions about the dream, the cost, and even the possibility of bringing the Kingdom of God to earth. continued: <a href="http://www.twelvetribes.com/publications/black-box/kingdom-come-pilgrims.html" target=_top>http://www.twelvetribes.com/publications/black-box /kingdom-come-pilgrims.html</a> Roger Williams, Father of Religious Freedom in America Roger Williams, founder of the colony that became Rhode Island, came to the New World with much the same hopes as the first Pilgrim Separatists. Ironically that desire is what led to his banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Roger Williams came to the New World in 1631 with much the same hopes as the first Pilgrim Separatists. His heart's desire was to see a pure church raised up, with no ties to the Church of England and its corruption, compromise, and oppression. Ironically that desire is what led Roger Williams to his banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony at the end of 1635. His outspoken zeal for "soul liberty" proved too radical for the Puritan leaders of the colony, who had brought with them the same spirit of religious intolerance from which they had fled. Slipping away just before his arrest, Roger Williams fled into the wilderness and found refuge among the Indians. In later writings, Williams recalls how he was " denied the common air to breathe... and almost without mercy and human compassion, exposed to winter miseries in a howling wilderness [for fourteen weeks] not knowing what bread or bed did mean ." During this time, whatever shelter he found was in the dingy, smoky lodges of the Indians. Their hospitality to him in his time of need was something he sought to repay with kindness all the rest of his life. In early 1636, Williams purchased land from the Indians and with a few friends founded a settlement they called Providence Plantations , which soon became a refuge for those "distressed of conscience." Williams eventually obtained a royal charter for the colony, which later became the State of Rhode Island, based on this mandate: continued: <a href="http://www.twelvetribes.com/publications/black-box/roger-williams-religious-freedom.html" target=_top>http://www.twelvetribes.com/publications/black-box /roger-williams-religious-freedom.html</a> Learning from the Lessons of History What is it about the nature and history of Christianity that caused the founding fathers of America to fear its grip on the reins of power? The Founding Fathers who created the American system of government understood well the lessons of history, from the early days of the Crusades through the Inquisition, the Reformation, and into 16 th and 17 th century England. This bred in them a deep mistrust of religion -- any religion -- if it were combined with the power of the state. It was little different in the New World. In almost every colony, one religious persuasion would gain the reins of civil government to persecute those of any other persuasion. The Declaration of Independence established "the laws of nature and of nature's God" as the standard by which civil government should function. Natural law is instinctive in every man's conscience regardless of his religious beliefs. It is from natural law that the Founding Fathers agreed upon the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The language of the First Amendment is clearly written from the perspective of natural law and not from any particular religious belief. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were worlds apart in their religious beliefs, but in regard to the principles of American government, they were of the same general mind because they both recognized and respected the difference between religious belief and natural law. Civil government must function from natural law, the law of conscience. The Christian church functions from religious principles. Trouble stems from the tendency of both religious and governmental leaders to overstep their bounds and meddle in each others affairs, as John Locke observed: I esteem it above all things necessary to distinguish exactly the business of civil government from that of religion, and to settle the just bounds that lie between the one and the other. [1] The Founding Fathers of America included deists like Thomas Jefferson, devout Christians like James Madison, and Freemasons like George Washington. This was perhaps the most revolutionary aspect of the American Revolution. Never before had men of such different beliefs joined together in a civil government to preserve not only their own rights and freedom, but the rights and freedom of all. Continued: <a href="http://www.twelvetribes.com/publications/black-box/learning-lessons-history.html" target=_top>http://www.twelvetribes.com/publications/black-box /learning-lessons-history.html</a> Cadge

tom_norris · 11-28-09 2:14 pm

Nice post Cadge. The history of America is fascinating. It shows that God’s providence was guiding and developing a new and special Nation that would be different from all others. While the founding fathers were hardly religious, in the sense we think today, they non-the less believed that without the many miracles of God, there would have been no democracy or new Nation. One of these many miracles involves how Jamestown was saved, 10 years before the Mayflower sailed. Even though the ship, carrying much needed supplies to Jamestown, crashed into the rocks of Bermuda, they still managed to build a new ship from the wreckage and continue on to save Jamestown from total disaster. While we tend to look at this history as exciting and adventuresome, it must have been horrible. The Mayflower turned out to be a death ship, even as those in Jamestown were also afflicted by horrible plague and starvation. In fact, things were so bad that some resorted to cannibalism in Jamestown. Cannibalism in America Ironically, it is the English who demonstrably resorted to cannibalism in the early days of the Jamestown colony. When grisly reports reached England, carried by runaways on board the Swallow in the summer of 1610, they caused a stir. To allege cannibalism among one's erstwhile comrades was suspect in men guilty of deserting a beleaguered colony, but their tales won credence in London. If exaggerated, they were fundamentally accurate. When dearth and disease swept through Jamestown, reducing its population perhaps by 80 percent in the catastrophic Starving Time of 1609–10, some individuals had turned to cannibalism out of hunger. As Percy and other survivors told it, sporadic cannibalism was a manifestation of a partial breakdown in civilized society in the face of inescapable disaster: <a href="http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter07/jamestown.cfm" target=_top>http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter07 /jamestown.cfm</a> A Dish Called Powdered Wife: The famished Jamestown colonists began by eating their horses. The horses were followed by rats, mice, dogs, cats, snakes and ... boots. Then they began eyeing each other. They would later call it the "starving time," winter 1609-10. Some colonists dug their own graves and lay down in them, resigned to death. They boiled their fancy collars, or ruffs, for the starch. They ate their dead. George Percy, one of Jamestown's early leaders, in about 1625 provided what is probably the best-known and most gruesome account. He described a "worlde of miseries" that included hunger-crazed colonists digging up the dead, and one man who killed, "salted" and carved up his pregnant wife for food. This story was repeated, and luridly embellished, over the years. "Whether she was better roasted, boiled or carbonado'd [barbecued], I know not," the colony's Capt. John Smith wrote in his version of events about the same time. "Such a dish as powdered wife, I never heard of." Percy reported he had the unnamed killer hanged by his thumbs to extract a confession, then had him executed for the "crewell and unhumane" act. By March 1610, more than half — by some accounts, 80 percent — of the settlers had died. <a href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003700900_jamesstarve10.html" target=_top>http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/ 2003700900_jamesstarve10.html</a> <a href="http://www.spike.com/video/nightmare-in/2684288" target=_top>http://www.spike.com/video/nightmare-in/2684288</a> <a href="http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h533.html" target=_top>http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h533.html</a> One of the men on this voyage to save Jamestown was Steven Hopkins, a 27-year-old assistant Pastor and religious zealot. Pardoned for mutiny on this voyage to Jamestown, he would later become a passenger on the Mayflower 10 years later. His son, Oceanus Hopkins was born on the ship. He was one of the original signers of the Mayflower Compact and was an expert with the Indians. He became the assistant governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He died at the ripe age of 62. The Wreck of the Sea Venture: The wreck of Sea Venture and the subsequent rescue of the Jamestown colony in Virginia is one of the great maritime epics of the western world. What early seventeenth century writers might see as the hand of God, our more skeptical age might attribute to good leadership and good luck: something that is so often neglected in history. Those events began 400 years of continuous habitation of these small isolated Atlantic islands. They also resulted in Bermuda’s playing a crucial role in maintaining 400 years of continuous English settlement in North America and, therefore, the beginning of what became her great neighbour, the United States of America. <a href="http://www.bermuda2009.bm/index.php/400_year_history/early_history_detail/" target=_top>http://www.bermuda2009.bm/index.php/400_year_histo ry/early_history_detail/</a> It must have been awful to live back then. When the details of these trials and tribulations are understood, it is almost beyond comprehension. But history moves on, regardless of the pain and suffering involved. Happy Thanksgiving to all… Tom Norris, a Pilgrim descendent

renie · 11-28-09 6:13 pm

A special message to Tom...... BAH HUMBUG!!!!!!!!

cadge · 11-28-09 11:34 pm

<a href="http://www.bermuda2009.bm/index.php/400_year_histo" target=_top>http://www.bermuda2009.bm/index.php/400_year_histo</a> ry/early_history_detail/ “Quo Fata Ferunt”: Bermuda’s 400th Anniversary The wreck of Sea Venture and the subsequent rescue of the Jamestown colony in Virginia is one of the great maritime epics of the western world. ------- That was quite a story Tom Little did the characters of the adventurous trials, sorrows and escapades of the Jamestown epic know that on some day, about five hundred years later, that they would be read about by a guy while eating a turkey sandwich and a piece of apple pie. Boy that was good. The story too. Cadge

cadge · 11-28-09 11:40 pm

OOPS! About four hundred years.<img src="http://www.atomorrow.net/discus/clipart/blush.gif" border=0> Cadge

tom_norris · 11-30-09 1:59 am

Cadge, history is full of miracles. Good luck and chance are not the primary drivers of modern history any more than they were of ancient history. At least not from the viewpoint of a Protestant. Just consider this additional part of the Pilgrim story: When the Pilgrims were dying of starvation, with no food or hope; out from the woods walked a tall English speaking Indian to save them. His name was Squanto. What are the odds? Could this be chance? Not when you know the complicated and amazing back-story. Squanto to the Rescue: During the Pilgrim's first winter in the New World, 47—nearly half the original group—died. The rest were starving. Then Squanto appeared. The Pilgrims came to see this Native American as sent by God to save their lives. Several years earlier, Squanto had been captured and taken to Spain to be sold into slavery, but some friars freed him and told him about Jesus. He'd returned to his home village just six months before the Pilgrims arrived, only to find that his entire tribe had been wiped out by an epidemic. The Pilgrims had settled on land vacated by his tribe, and when he learned that they loved Jesus, Squanto had to meet them. He knew that without help they would starve. <a href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/moi/2007/004/august/27.27.html" target=_top>http://www.christianitytoday.com/moi/2007/004/augu st/27.27.html</a> While it seemed miraculous that Stephen Hopkins had survived shipwreck and mutiny in Bermuda to end up in Plymouth 10 years later, the story of Squanto was just as wild, if not more so. His story is also not well known. Squanto, a Native American Indian, he had been kidnapped, taken to Spain and sold into slavery. While he was gone, his Village was destroyed by plague. But guess what? This is exactly where the Pilgrims would, unknowingly land, explore, and decide to live. Thus, unlike Jamestown, there was no opposition in New England because many villages were empty and abandoned, decimated by plague. Squanto had quite an adventure. He escaped captivity, twice, learned English and the Gospel Story, and found his way back to his deserted village just in time to save the Pilgrims. Both Squanto and Stephen Hopkins should never have met. The fact they did would seem to defy all odds. Squanto became the Pilgrims guide and translator, working closely with Hopkins to keep the other Indians under control through trade. Squanto was there for the first thanksgiving. He joined the Pilgrims and lived with them until he died of fever, a year later, in late 1622. There would have been no thanksgiving without him. See these links: <a href="http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/ChurchHistory/Squanto.aspx" target=_top>http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry /ChurchHistory/Squanto.aspx</a> <a href="http://historicalbiographies.suite101.com/article.cfm/squanto__friend_of_the_pilgrims" target=_top>http://historicalbiographies.suite101.com/article. cfm/squanto__friend_of_the_pilgrims</a> <a href="http://www.joyfulheart.com/thanksgiving/squanto.htm" target=_top>http://www.joyfulheart.com/thanksgiving/squanto.ht m</a> <a href="http://americanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/squantoandthemayflower" target=_top>http://americanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/sq uantoandthemayflower</a> <a href="http://www.holidays.net/thanksgiving/pilgrims.htm" target=_top>http://www.holidays.net/thanksgiving/pilgrims.htm</a> <a href="http://www.firstthanksgivinggarden.com/" target=_top>http://www.firstthanksgivinggarden.com/</a> <a href="http://www.transworldnews.com/NewsStory.aspx?id=139627&cat=1" target=_top>http://www.transworldnews.com/NewsStory.aspx?id=13 9627&cat=1</a> History is full of such remarkable accounts. But most take place without being known to man. They are taking place all around us and thus it has always been. Without Squanto, the Pilgrims would have gone extinct by 1621. Without this or that, event, all would have been lost many times in the march of history. But this is how history goes. It flows like a river to a pre-appointed destination, and all we can do is hang on and try to survive. It is God that sets up Kingdoms and Countries. All things are under his control and design. Dan. 2:20 Daniel said, “Let the name of God be blessed forever and ever, For wisdom and power belong to Him. Dan. 2:21 “It is He who changes the times and the epochs; He removes kings and establishes kings; He gives wisdom to wise men And knowledge to men of understanding. The development of America was a stunning and miraculous series of events. This Protestant history should be better understood and appreciated, and so too the history of the Advent Movement, which followed. History is not static. It keeps moving. Adventism must also keep pace with the flow of providence and the increase of knowledge. The Advent Movement is not without its own miraculous story of improbable events, situations, and accomplishments. The work of the Pioneers must not be wasted, misunderstood, or repudiated. The history of Adventism is neither finished nor complete. There is more to the story that is yet to unfold, even another Message that is yet to be developed. Tom Norris for Adventist Reform

john8verse32 · 11-30-09 11:03 am

nice story, Tom.... but your conclusion may be harder to implement: Adventism must also keep pace with the flow of providence and the increase of knowledge. first we give up Noah's flood as a myth, then we admit that the earth is far older than 6000 yrs then we admit that limestone represents the death of mega tiny marine animals, possibly millions of years ago, then we figure some other way to claim that we still need salvation other than from Eve's mythical, magical deception by a talking snake then we figure out a way to admit that maybe the important thing in life is making the journey fun and beneficial for all, since we don't precisely know either our origins nor have any definitive proof about our final destination if it is not to be recycled by the universe. then we get on with putting the ethics of Christianity into practice..in the here and now...and let the "hoped for later" take care of itself. <img src="http://www.atomorrow.net/discus/messages/14/2301.jpg" alt="">

renie · 11-30-09 12:40 pm

I LOVE your last statement, John. You are right. Let's make this world better for others and trust God to take care of the rest. Our sabbath school class spent the whole 45 minutes talking about 'ME'. My faults, my salvation, my slip-ups, my standing with Christ. All about ME. Max Lacado has a book out entitled, "It's Not About Me'. Good read.

jag · 11-30-09 9:58 pm

Tom, Yes, a good story, but would you be willing to defend colonialism? I think America would have been much better off if the Europeans did not settle there, wipe off 99% of the population (not to mention the bison and the like) and introduced exotic diseases to which the local population had no immunity. Same refers to the European colonisation of Australia, Africa, South America and Asia.

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